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了解市场熔断机制和交易暂停机制

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了解市场熔断机制和交易暂停机制

了解市场熔断机制和交易暂停机制

Vantage Updated Tue, 2025 April 22 01:25

为了应对​​特朗普贸易关税引发的市场波动,日本和台湾都推出了熔断机制,以防止大规模抛售。虽然这一举措越来越受到关注,但其概念本身并不新鲜。 

熔断机制和交易暂停早已成为全球股市的一部分,是抑制恐慌性抛售、在市场剧烈波动时恢复投资者信心的重要工具。 

了解这些机制如何运作及其对市场的影响可以帮助投资者和交易者更有效地应对波动。 

要点 

  • 熔断机制通过在市场剧烈波动时暂停交易来稳定市场。熔断机制由短期内价格大幅波动触发,为投资者和交易员提供重新评估的时间,防止恐慌性抛售。 
  • 在受美国关税紧张局势影响股市大幅下跌后,日本和台湾近期启动了熔断机制,以帮助抑制市场无序波动并限制进一步下跌。 
  • 自 1987 年以来,熔断机制一直是现代市场基础设施的重要组成部分,曾在 2016 年中国市场动荡和 2020 年新冠疫情崩盘等重大危机中得到运用。 

什么是断路器? 

熔断机制是一种内置的市场机制,当价格在短时间内波动过大时,系统会暂时停止交易。熔断机制旨在防止恐慌性抛售或疯狂买入,一旦指数或证券达到预设的阈值,就会触发。 

这些市场机制在全球交易所使用,有助于在极端波动期间恢复秩序,让市场参与者有时间在交易恢复之前重新评估。 

断路器的类型 

断路器通常有两种主要类型: 

1. 市场范围断路器 (MWCB) 

日经225指数标准普尔500指数恒生指数等主要股指,当指数在交易日内下跌一定百分比时触发。在美国,市场熔断机制分为三个级别[1] : 

等级 扳机 行动 
1级 下降7% 交易暂停15分钟 
2级 下降13% 交易暂停15分钟 
3级 下降20% 当日剩余时间暂停交易 

2. 单只股票暂停交易 

指个股在短时间内涨跌幅超过特定百分比的情况。一些交易所还实施涨跌停板规则,限制价格涨跌幅度——尤其是在期货和大宗商品市场。 

例如,2020 年 3 月,特斯拉公司 (TSLA)的股价在一天内下跌超过 10%,触发单只股票熔断机制,随后其交易被暂停[2] 。 

关税冲击和交易暂停:对亚洲市场的影响[3] 

征收对等关税的担忧打击了投资者信心,亚洲股市暴跌。 

日经225指数期货暴跌逾8%后,日本暂停交易10分钟。虽然此举并未直接影响东京证券交易所的股票交易,但有助于缓解最初的恐慌情绪。日经225指数最终从近9%的跌幅中回升,最终下跌6.5%。 

台湾股市也遭遇了类似的动荡,台湾加权指数开盘下跌9.8%,创下一年多来的最大跌幅。此次暴跌发生在一个长周末之后,在此期间,全球股市市值已蒸发数万亿美元。为此,交易所运营商启动了熔断机制以稳定交易。 

此外,台湾还实施了临时卖空限制措施,预计该措施将持续到周五。 

多年来的熔断机制 

以下是触发熔断机制的一些关键历史事件: 

1987 年黑色星期一:熔断机制的起源[4] 

1987年10月19日,美国股市经历了历史上最大的单日百分比跌幅。 

道琼斯工业平均指数一度暴跌22.6%,暴露出市场基础设施和投资者行为的脆弱性。 

这场被称为“黑色星期一”的股市崩盘并非单一原因,而是与程序化交易、估值过高担忧以及普遍的恐慌性抛售等多种因素有关。为了应对这一情况,监管机构首次引入了熔断机制,作为增强市场稳定性的广泛改革的一部分。 

2016年中国:政策驱动的波动[5] 

中国于2016年初推出熔断机制,旨在控制市场剧烈波动。 

然而,这一举措却适得其反。 

这是因为,在1月4日和7日,沪深300指数单日下跌7%后,新机制暂停了交易。频繁的停牌非但没有平息市场,反而加剧了恐慌性抛售,投资者纷纷在停牌前离场。 

熔断机制推出仅四天后,监管机构就以意外后果和日益加剧的担忧为由,取消了该机制。 

2020 年 3 月:新冠疫情引发的市场恐慌[6] 

在新冠疫情初期,全球市场面临着前所未有的不确定性和波动性。仅在美国,标普500指数就四次触发了全市场熔断机制,分别在3月9日、12日、16日和18日。 

每次开盘后不久,该指数都会下跌 7%,导致交易自动暂停 15 分钟,以抑制因健康数据恶化、封锁公告和经济停摆担忧而引发的恐慌性抛售。 

虽然这些暂停并不能阻止大盘下跌,但它们为投资者提供了一个在高度动荡时期处理新信息和调整策略的机会。 

结论 

熔断机制和交易暂停是稳定当今快速变化的金融市场的重要保障措施。 

正如日本和台湾最近对关税引发的波动的反应所见,这些机制并不是为了防止损失而设计的——它们为市场吸收信息和重新调整创造了关键的停顿。 

虽然熔断机制的有效性取决于时机、结构和执行,但它仍然是降低系统性风险的有效工具,有助于在市场极端紧张时期维持投资者信心。 

要探索交易机会并进入实时市场,请立即在 Vantage开设真实账户。 

参考:

  1. “‘Circuit breaker’ triggered again to keep stocks from falling through floor. What you need to know – CNBC” https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/12/stock-futures-hit-a-limit-down-trading-halt-for-a-second-time-this-week-heres-what-that-means.html Accessed 7 April 2025 
  2. “Tesla Stock Plummets 50% Since December. Here’s How Investors Can Manage The Volatility – Forbes” https://www.forbes.com/sites/shaharziv/2025/03/11/tesla-stock-plummets-50-since-december-heres-how-investors-can-manage-the-volatility/ Accessed 7 April 2025 
  3. “Japan, Taiwan Markets Hit Circuit Breaker As Trump Tariffs Deepen Panic – NDTV” https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/stock-market-today-japan-nikkei-taiwan-taiex-hit-circuit-breaker-donald-trump-tariffs-deepen-investor-panic-8104870 Accessed 7 April 2025 
  4. “Global stock market meltdown leaves Wall Street fearing repeat of 1987’s Black Monday amid Trump tariff fallout – Daily Mail UK” https://www.dailymail.co.uk/yourmoney/article-14577875/black-monday-fears-trump-tariffs-stock-market.html Accessed 7 April 2025 
  5. “China drops stock market ‘circuit breaker’ after four days – CNN Business” https://money.cnn.com/2016/01/07/investing/china-markets-circuit-breakers-suspension/index.html Accessed 7 April 2025 
  6. “History of Stock Market Circuit Breakers – Sharre Planner” https://www.shareplanner.com/blog/stock-market-history/history-of-stock-market-circuit-breakers.html Accessed 7 April 2025